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  <ul>
    <li><a href="#python-数字类型转换">Python 数字类型转换</a></li>
    <li><a href="#python-数字运算">Python 数字运算</a></li>
    <li><a href="#数学函数">数学函数</a></li>
    <li><a href="#随机数函数">随机数函数</a></li>
    <li><a href="#三角函数">三角函数</a></li>
    <li><a href="#数学常量">数学常量</a></li>
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            <h1 class="post-title">Python3数字</h1>
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            2021年9月15日
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            <h1 id="python3-数字number">Python3 数字(Number)</h1>
<p>Python 数字数据类型用于存储数值。</p>
<p>数据类型是不允许改变的,这就意味着如果改变数字数据类型的值，将重新分配内存空间。</p>
<p>以下实例在变量赋值时 Number 对象将被创建：</p>
<pre><code>var1 = 1
var2 = 10
</code></pre><p>您也可以使用del语句删除一些数字对象的引用。</p>
<p>del语句的语法是：</p>
<pre><code>del var1[,var2[,var3[....,varN]]]
</code></pre><p>您可以通过使用del语句删除单个或多个对象的引用，例如：</p>
<pre><code>del var
del var_a, var_b
</code></pre><p>Python 支持三种不同的数值类型：</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>整型(int)</strong> - 通常被称为是整型或整数，是正或负整数，不带小数点。Python3 整型是没有限制大小的，可以当作 Long 类型使用，所以 Python3 没有 Python2 的 Long 类型。布尔(bool)是整型的子类型。</li>
<li><strong>浮点型(float)</strong> - 浮点型由整数部分与小数部分组成，浮点型也可以使用科学计数法表示（2.5e2 = 2.5 x 102 = 250）</li>
<li><strong>复数( (complex))</strong> - 复数由实数部分和虚数部分构成，可以用a + bj,或者complex(a,b)表示， 复数的实部a和虚部b都是浮点型。</li>
</ul>
<p>我们可以使用十六进制和八进制来代表整数：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; number = 0xA0F # 十六进制
&gt;&gt;&gt; number
2575

&gt;&gt;&gt; number=0o37 # 八进制
&gt;&gt;&gt; number
31
</code></pre><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">int</th>
<th style="text-align:left">float</th>
<th style="text-align:left">complex</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">10</td>
<td style="text-align:left">0.0</td>
<td style="text-align:left">3.14j</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">100</td>
<td style="text-align:left">15.20</td>
<td style="text-align:left">45.j</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">-786</td>
<td style="text-align:left">-21.9</td>
<td style="text-align:left">9.322e-36j</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">080</td>
<td style="text-align:left">32.3e+18</td>
<td style="text-align:left">.876j</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">-0490</td>
<td style="text-align:left">-90.</td>
<td style="text-align:left">-.6545+0J</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">-0x260</td>
<td style="text-align:left">-32.54e100</td>
<td style="text-align:left">3e+26J</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">0x69</td>
<td style="text-align:left">70.2E-12</td>
<td style="text-align:left">4.53e-7j</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>Python支持复数，复数由实数部分和虚数部分构成，可以用a + bj,或者complex(a,b)表示， 复数的实部a和虚部b都是浮点型。</li>
</ul>
<hr>
<h2 id="python-数字类型转换">Python 数字类型转换</h2>
<p>有时候，我们需要对数据内置的类型进行转换，数据类型的转换，你只需要将数据类型作为函数名即可。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>int(x)</strong> 将x转换为一个整数。</li>
<li><strong>float(x)</strong> 将x转换到一个浮点数。</li>
<li><strong>complex(x)</strong> 将x转换到一个复数，实数部分为 x，虚数部分为 0。</li>
<li><strong>complex(x, y)</strong> 将 x 和 y 转换到一个复数，实数部分为 x，虚数部分为 y。x 和 y 是数字表达式。</li>
</ul>
<p>以下实例将浮点数变量 a 转换为整数：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; a = 1.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; int(a)
1
</code></pre><hr>
<h2 id="python-数字运算">Python 数字运算</h2>
<p>Python 解释器可以作为一个简单的计算器，您可以在解释器里输入一个表达式，它将输出表达式的值。</p>
<p>表达式的语法很直白： <strong>+</strong>, <strong>-</strong>, ***** 和 <strong>/</strong>, 和其它语言（如Pascal或C）里一样。例如：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 2 + 2
4
&gt;&gt;&gt; 50 - 5*6
20
&gt;&gt;&gt; (50 - 5*6) / 4
5.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; 8 / 5  # 总是返回一个浮点数
1.6
</code></pre><p>**注意：**在不同的机器上浮点运算的结果可能会不一样。</p>
<p>在整数除法中，除法 <strong>/</strong> 总是返回一个浮点数，如果只想得到整数的结果，丢弃可能的分数部分，可以使用运算符 <strong>//</strong> ：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 17 / 3  # 整数除法返回浮点型
5.666666666666667
&gt;&gt;&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; 17 // 3  # 整数除法返回向下取整后的结果
5
&gt;&gt;&gt; 17 % 3  # ％操作符返回除法的余数
2
&gt;&gt;&gt; 5 * 3 + 2 
17
</code></pre><p><strong>注意：****//</strong> 得到的并不一定是整数类型的数，它与分母分子的数据类型有关系。</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 7//2
3
&gt;&gt;&gt; 7.0//2
3.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; 7//2.0
3.0
&gt;&gt;&gt; 
</code></pre><p>等号 <strong>=</strong> 用于给变量赋值。赋值之后，除了下一个提示符，解释器不会显示任何结果。</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; width = 20
&gt;&gt;&gt; height = 5*9
&gt;&gt;&gt; width * height
900
</code></pre><p>Python 可以使用 *<strong>*</strong> 操作来进行幂运算：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 5 ** 2  # 5 的平方
25
&gt;&gt;&gt; 2 ** 7  # 2的7次方
128
</code></pre><p>变量在使用前必须先&quot;定义&quot;（即赋予变量一个值），否则会出现错误：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; n   # 尝试访问一个未定义的变量
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
NameError: name 'n' is not defined
</code></pre><p>不同类型的数混合运算时会将整数转换为浮点数：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; 3 * 3.75 / 1.5
7.5
&gt;&gt;&gt; 7.0 / 2
3.5
</code></pre><p>在交互模式中，最后被输出的表达式结果被赋值给变量 <strong>_</strong> 。例如：</p>
<pre><code>&gt;&gt;&gt; tax = 12.5 / 100
&gt;&gt;&gt; price = 100.50
&gt;&gt;&gt; price * tax
12.5625
&gt;&gt;&gt; price + _
113.0625
&gt;&gt;&gt; round(_, 2)
113.06
</code></pre><p>此处， <strong>_</strong> 变量应被用户视为只读变量。</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="数学函数">数学函数</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">函数</th>
<th style="text-align:left">返回值 ( 描述 )</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-abs.html">abs(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回数字的绝对值，如abs(-10) 返回 10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-ceil.html">ceil(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回数字的上入整数，如math.ceil(4.1) 返回 5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">cmp(x, y)</td>
<td style="text-align:left">如果 x &lt; y 返回 -1, 如果 x == y 返回 0, 如果 x &gt; y 返回 1。 <strong>Python 3 已废弃，使用 (x&gt;y)-(x&lt;y) 替换</strong>。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-exp.html">exp(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回e的x次幂(ex),如math.exp(1) 返回2.718281828459045</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-fabs.html">fabs(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回数字的绝对值，如math.fabs(-10) 返回10.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-floor.html">floor(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回数字的下舍整数，如math.floor(4.9)返回 4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-log.html">log(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">如math.log(math.e)返回1.0,math.log(100,10)返回2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-log10.html">log10(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回以10为基数的x的对数，如math.log10(100)返回 2.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-max.html">max(x1, x2,&hellip;)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回给定参数的最大值，参数可以为序列。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-min.html">min(x1, x2,&hellip;)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回给定参数的最小值，参数可以为序列。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-modf.html">modf(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回x的整数部分与小数部分，两部分的数值符号与x相同，整数部分以浮点型表示。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-pow.html">pow(x, y)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">x**y 运算后的值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">[round(x <a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-round.html">,n])</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回浮点数 x 的四舍五入值，如给出 n 值，则代表舍入到小数点后的位数。<strong>其实准确的说是保留值将保留到离上一位更近的一端。</strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-sqrt.html">sqrt(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回数字x的平方根。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<h2 id="随机数函数">随机数函数</h2>
<p>随机数可以用于数学，游戏，安全等领域中，还经常被嵌入到算法中，用以提高算法效率，并提高程序的安全性。</p>
<p>Python包含以下常用随机数函数：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">函数</th>
<th style="text-align:left">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-choice.html">choice(seq)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">从序列的元素中随机挑选一个元素，比如random.choice(range(10))，从0到9中随机挑选一个整数。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">[randrange (<a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-randrange.html">start,] stop [,step])</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">从指定范围内，按指定基数递增的集合中获取一个随机数，基数默认值为 1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-random.html">random()</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">随机生成下一个实数，它在[0,1)范围内。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">[seed(<a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-seed.html">x])</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">改变随机数生成器的种子seed。如果你不了解其原理，你不必特别去设定seed，Python会帮你选择seed。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-shuffle.html">shuffle(lst)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">将序列的所有元素随机排序</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-uniform.html">uniform(x, y)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">随机生成下一个实数，它在[x,y]范围内。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<h2 id="三角函数">三角函数</h2>
<p>Python包括以下三角函数：</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">函数</th>
<th style="text-align:left">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-acos.html">acos(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回x的反余弦弧度值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-asin.html">asin(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回x的反正弦弧度值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-atan.html">atan(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回x的反正切弧度值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-atan2.html">atan2(y, x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回给定的 X 及 Y 坐标值的反正切值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-cos.html">cos(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回x的弧度的余弦值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-hypot.html">hypot(x, y)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回欧几里德范数 sqrt(x<em>x + y</em>y)。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-sin.html">sin(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回的x弧度的正弦值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-tan.html">tan(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">返回x弧度的正切值。</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-degrees.html">degrees(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">将弧度转换为角度,如degrees(math.pi/2) ， 返回90.0</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left"><a href="https://www.runoob.com/python3/python3-func-number-radians.html">radians(x)</a></td>
<td style="text-align:left">将角度转换为弧度</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<hr>
<h2 id="数学常量">数学常量</h2>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left">常量</th>
<th style="text-align:left">描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">pi</td>
<td style="text-align:left">数学常量 pi（圆周率，一般以π来表示）</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:left">e</td>
<td style="text-align:left">数学常量 e，e即自然常数（自然常数）。</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

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